Comprehensive  Database

                                          On

                         Aegle marmeolus( Linn.)Corrae

                                                                              By Dr Himanshu Sharma

                                                                   

Definition

Bilva consists of pulp of entire, unripe or half ripe fruits of Aegle marmelos Carr.(Fam. Rutaceae), a tree, attaining a height of 12 m growing wild and also cultivated throughout the country, rind of fruit is removed and pulp is bruised and dried¹.

A medium to fairly large sized semi deciduous thorny tree growing wildly throughout India especially in sub Himalayan,central and southern India ³

Major Trade Name   Bel

As mentioned in Dhanvantri nigantu,(Chp 1,shlok104,105)

the unripe fruit is sangrahi, snighda agni dipak and vata kapha nashak¹⁵

Synonyms

According to Dhanvantary Nighantu ¹⁵

Shriphala, Shandila,  Shailoosha,
Maloora, Gandhgarbha, Kantaki, Sadaphala, Granthila.

Vernacular Names

Sanskrit : shriphala^1,2,4,Shandila¹,^{2 ,10}  Shailooshal ^2,10,
                Maloora²,Gandhgarbha^2,4,10 ,  Kantaki ^2,10,Sadaphal^2,10,Granthila ^1,10

Assamese : Bael, Vael^1,10

Bengali : Bela, Bilva^1,2,4,10

English : Bengal Quince^1,2,10, Bael fruit ^1,2,4,

Gujrati : Bill^1,10, Bilum^1,10, Bilvapha ^l,10

Hindi : Bela¹, Sriphal¹, Bel ^1,4,10

Kannada : Bilva^1,2,4,

Kashmiri : Bel^1,10

Malayalam : Koovalam^1,10

Marathi : Bel¹, Baela¹

Oriya : Bela^1,10

Telugu : Maredu ^1,2,4,10

Urdu : Bel  ^1,2,10

Punjabi : Bil ^1,2,10

Tamil : Vilvam ^1,2,4,10

Sindh:Kathori²

Persian:Shul²

Arabic:Safar jale²

Meanings of Sanskrit Names ¹⁵

Shandilya- Means that relieves from all pains.

Shailoosha- Means that have beautiful fruits or grow on mountains

Shriphala- Having attractive fruits

Maloora- Means that enhances the looks of the body

Gandhgarbha- Having a pleasant smell with in it

Kantaki- Means has sharp thorns over it

Sadaphala- Means it has fruits in all the seasons

Granthila- Having tuberous structure over its surface

Geogrophical Distribution

In India ²

Throughout the decidous forest of India,ascending to an altitude upto 1200mtr in the western Himalayas and in Andaman Islands ^2.  In Eastern ghats and Central India. Also in foot of  Himalayas, UP,Bihar,MP ,Uttarakhand, Deccan  Plateau.                           

In Srilanka ⁶ Used as hypoglycemic herb.

In Bangladesh ⁶ It is used for fertility control

In Burma  ⁶ It is used to make paints

In Florida ⁷   Specimen of Bilva has been maintained in citrus collection

In Europe ⁸  Bilva was introduced in1959

                                         

                                          Botany

Macroscopic

Fruit ^1,2

It is sub-globose, 5-18 cm in diameter, externally greenish when young,

yellowish-brown when ripe, rind about 1.5 mm-3 mm thick, hard and woody, surface smooth or slightly granular bearing a circular scar at the point of attachment withpeduncle, carpels, 10-15, central, each containing several hairy seeds embedded in yellowishbrown, extremely sticky mucilage, seeds oblong, flat, woody, and having white hair, fresh pulp of ripe fruit, brown, of sticky shreads, dried pulp hard and pale to dark red in colour, frequently breaks away from the rind during drying, leaving a thin layer attached to it, odour, faintly aromatic, taste, mucilaginous and slightly astringent^1,2.

Root Bark ²

It is cream yellow to yellowish brown in  colour ,curved, warty with a number of cracks and fissure on the outer surface,3-5 mm thick. Cork is characterised by a wide zone showing 4-7 stratifications; group of stone cells in phelloderm. Concentric groups of fibres extending fom one medullary ray to another and prism of calcium oxalate and circular starch grain .

Stem Bark  ²

It is grey in colour, flat or channeled with warty, cracked  and  fissured external urface,4-8mm thick.Cork show 5-8 stratification. Groups of stone cells are present in phelloderm and also in phloem. Concentric group of fibres extending from one meddullary ray.

Botanical Description

         

Aegle marmolus is a  medium to fairly large sized semi deciduous thorny tree growing wildly throughout India especially in sub Himalayan,central and southern India. As mentioned, in Ayurveda, (Shadangdhar Samhita),

Ø Collection of leaves and fruits should be in Varsh Ritu(July-Aug) and Vasant ritu(Mar-Apr)

Ø Collection of roots in Shihir (Jan-Feb) and Griham ritu(May-June)

Ø Collection of kand,tvak,sheer(rhizome,Stembark ,exudate) in Sharad ritu(Sep-oct)

Ø Collection of saar in Hemant ritu(Nov-Dec)

Ø Fruit collection is seasonally advised.

Phenology:

 Flowering: April-May; Fruiting: persistent, ripening by February⁴

Organoleptic

Taste of Fuit              Tikt ¹⁰,Kshay ¹⁰ , Pungent with astringent ³¹

Smell  of leaves        Aromatic ³¹

Fracture Root      Bark is cream yellow to yellowish brown in  colour ,curved, warty with a number of cracks and fissure

Microscopy ³(Stem bark)

Diagrammatic TS of the stem bark shows outermost well developed cork,wider cortex traversed with sclereids and stone cells and wide phloem with tangentially running discontinous rows of fibres and vertically running medullary rays.

Detailed TS shows outer miultilayered cork,at places exhibiting lenticles and occasionally embedded with groupsof stone cells;cork cambium is distinct,phelloderm is parenchymatous, scatterd with isolated or group of sclereids and fibres associated with idioblast.

Powder ³(stem bark)

It shows abundant,isolated or groups of characteristically interlocking sclereids of various sizes,shapes and thickness.Majority of them are long with blunt or pointed ends. Stone cells are isolated or in groups,with narrow lumen and striated walls. plenty of small sized prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate scattered as such or filled in parenchymatous cells arranged in rows along the fibres or sclereids

IUCN & CITES 

         NA (as it is widely available) .

Conservation(In Situ)²¹

Propogation

⁹ For quicker and better germination of seeds and establishment of the seedlings,well rotted cow dung manure is recommended.Natural propogation of the plant is poor and vegetative propogation methods have also failed in Thar desert.Therefore,elite strains have been selected for multiplication through tissue culture.Root segments have been found to be suitable for clonal propogation.

¹⁶ Rapid clonal micropropagation protocol of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. cv. CISH-B1 was achieved by nodal stem segment of mature bearing tree. Three centimeter long shoots having one axillary bud excised from 10–15th nodal region of shoots during September gave quick in vitro bud burst (5.33 days) when cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP, 8.84 μM + IAA 5.7 μM. The maximum number of proliferated shoots (9.0/explant) were obtained on same medium supplemented with BAP 8.84 μM + IAA 5.7 μM. The micro shoots were rooted (100 %) on + IAA 5.7 μM. In vitro rooted plants were acclimatized on autoclaved coconut husk containing plant salt mixture and under shade net house (50 % shade 70–80 % RH). The plants were established in the field after acclimatization. The micropropagated plants were tested for its genetic fidelity using 13 RAPD, 3 ISSR and 2 DAMD primers. Profile obtained by all the three Single Primer Amplification Reaction (SPAR) technique from mother tree and micropropagated plants revealed genetic integrity of micropropagated plants with that of mother tree.

Economic Uses

The tree is tolerant to pollution and hence suitable for social forestry programmes ; it may also be planted to minimize pollution around thermal power stations ²⁴.

Cultivation

² Good sandy loam soil,sunny situation,warm humid climate are suitable for cultivation of this plant. It is generally propogated by seed. sowing is done in the month of June-Jully.The development of seedling is slow. They require at least a year in the nursery to be fit for transplantation.They should be transplanted in rainy season.It is propogated by root cutting,layers and stem cutting treating with IBA(4000ppm)using quick dip method ²

 In India it is widely cultivated in UP and Bihar.There are 12 distinct cultivars ⁶

1)Basti No.1	7)Sewan large
2)Kagzi Gonda	8)Mirzapuri
3)Gonda  1	9)Lamba
4)  Gonda  2	10)Baghel
5)Gonda 3	11)Deoria large
6)Kagzi Etawah	12)Chakaiya

There two types of varieties in the market -A small and wild variety & A large cultivated variety ⁵

  

Collection

As mentioned, in Ayurveda, (Shadangdhar Samhita),

Ø Collection of leaves and fruits should be in Varsh Ritu(July-Aug) and Vasant ritu(Mar-Apr)

Ø Collection of roots in Shihir (Jan-Feb) and Griham ritu(May-June)

Ø Collection of kand,tvak,sheer(rhizome,Stembark ,exudate) in Sharad ritu(Sep-oct)

Ø Collection of saar in Hemant ritu(Nov-Dec)

Ø Fruit collection is seasonally advised.

Adulterants

wood  apple (Feronia limonia Linn.) ² and  mangosten (Garcinia mangostana Linn.)²

Substitute

Umonia acidissima Correa ²², Garcinia mangostina L.²² and Puilica granatum L.²² are used as substitute of Aegle marmelos Correa²²

^{Pest and pathogen} 

^{Trade &Commerce}

^{Retail market price Root Rs20/kg}

^{Fruit pulp Rs60/kg(1999)}

                                         

  

                                    CHEMISTRY

Quantitative standards

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH

Total Ash Not more than 4 per cent

Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1 per cent

Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 6 per cent

 Water-soluble extractive Not less than 50 percent

  PROPERTIES AND ACTION ^1,5

           Rasa  :    Katu, Tikta, Kashya

           Guna :   Laghu, Ruksha

          Virya  :  Ushna

          Vipaka : Katu

          Karma :  Dipana, Pacana, Grahi, Vata Kaphahara, Balya

Chemical Constituent                                                                          

The stem bark contains lignan glucosides,Lyoniresinol 2-O-D sglucopyranoside,lyniresinol 3-O-D glucopyranoside,lyniresinol  ⁹

Marmalosin, tannins, mucilage, fatty oil and sugar¹

Fruit contains marmalosin which is the active constituent.young bark couramin 0.03%,alkaloids ,umbellierone,old bark   couramin 0.6% and  umbelliferone. Bihar variety gave 0.3%alkaloid,identical with fagarine isolated from Zanthoxylum coco Gill ⁴

.

Fagarine,marmesin,marmin,umbelliferone.¹⁹

The oil of twigs has eight monoterpene hydrocarbons (92.8%), two oxygenated monoterpenes (2.5%), four sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2.2%), one oxygenated sesquiterpene (0.2%) and one phenolic compound ^25,26,27

Limonene (51.7%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (39.8%) were the major components reported first time in the oil of twigs of Aegle marmelos ^{26 , 27}

The leaf oil was found to contain 15 compounds, including seven monotorpene hydrocarbons (90.7%), three oxygenated monoterpenes (2.9%), four sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (3.1%) and one phenolic compound (0.2%). Limonene (82.4%) was the main constituent 27,²⁸

Phytochemical constituents of Aegle marmelos¹⁴

Key: + = Positive, - = Negative 

S. No	constituents
	Alkaloids	Cardiac glycosides	Terpenoids	Reducing sugars	Saponins	Tannis	Carbonyl	Flavonoids	Phlo-batanin	Steriods
1	+	+	+	-	+	+	-	+	-	+

Alkaloides

Aegelin,aegelenine,marmeline,dictamine,fragnine,o-methylhalfordinine,ethyl cinnamide,ethoxy-2-ethyl cinnamide,isopentenylhalofordinol

Polysaccharides

Galactose,arabinose,uronic acid and L-rhamanose are obtained on hydrolysis.

Seed oil

Composed of palmitic,stearic,oleic,linoleic and linolenic acid.

Tannins

Tannin is present in leaves .There’s 9% tannin in the pulp of wild fruits.

Caretenoids

Caretenoids are responsible for pale colour of fruit.Marmelosin,skimmianine and umbelliferone are the therapeutically active principle of bilva plant.

¹⁹ Minor constituents like ascorbic acid,sitosterol,crude fibres,annins,caretenoidsare  also present. Roots of the tree have also been found  to contain psoralen ,xanthotoxin scopoltin and tembamide. Compounds like praealtin D, trans-cinnamic acid, 4-methoxy benzoic acid,betulunic acid, and montanin have also been reported.

Ø Biochemical Studies

Nutritional Value of Bilva(%or per 100gm)

S.No	Components	Value(%)
1	Water	64.2
2	Protein	1.8
3	Fat	0.2
4	Mineral	1.5
5	Fibre	2.2
6	Carbohydrate	30.6
7	Calcium	0.09
8	Potassium	0.6
9	Iron	0.3
10	Vitamin A(IU)	186
11	Vitamin B1	0.01
12	Nicotinic acid	0.9
13	Riboflavin	1.2
14	Vitamin C	0.01
15	Calorific value	129

The fruit contain about three times more total soluble solids  and at least 1.5 times more energy as compared to oranges and grape fruit ⁹ .

Heavy Metals

The elemental composition in the leaves of four traditional medicinal plants (Murraya koenigii, Mentha piperitae, Ocimum sanctum, and Aegle marmelos) widely used in the treatment of diabetes-related metabolic disorders has been studied using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The levels of Cu, Ni, Zn, K, and Na were found to be in trace amounts, whereas Fe, Cr, and V levels were found in marginal levels¹⁷

¹⁸Herbal formulations are getting popularity throughout the world and commercialized extensively for various medicinal properties. WHO has emphasized the need for quality assurance of herbal products, including testing of heavy metals and pesticides residues. ‘Dashmoola’, a popular herbal formulation, with immunomodulator and febrifugal properties, consists of ten single root drugs. In view of WHO guidelines, single herbal drugs used in ‘Dashmoola’, were collected from different places of India for testing heavy metals and persistent pesticides residue. Although use of roots in ‘Dashmoola’ is prescribed in original ayurvedic literature but now many pharmacies use stem in place of roots. Therefore, in the present study both roots and stems were selected for estimation of six heavy metals namely arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). Apart from these, the organochlorine pesticides residue viz. different metabolites of DDT, DDE, isomers of HCH and α-endosulfan were checked in total 40 samples of single crude drugs. Heavy metals except Hg, were present in most of the samples. In few samples Pb and Cd concentration were beyond the WHO permissible limits. Although α-HCH and γ-HCH were present in almost all the samples, but other pesticides were not detected in these samples. DDT and DDE were found only in two samples

Microbial residue¹⁶

The essential oil of Aegle marmelos L. Correa (Rutaceae) showed strong fungitoxicity against some storage fungi-causing contamination of foodstuffs. The oil also showed efficacy as aflatoxin suppressor at 500 μL/L as it completely arrested the aflatoxin B₁ production by the toxigenic strains (Navjot 4NSt and Saktiman 3NSt) of Aspergillus flavus Link. Keeping in view the side effects of synthetic fungicides, A. marmelos oil may be recommended as an antimicrobial of plant origin to enhance the shelf life of stored food commodities by controlling the fungal growth as well as aflatoxin secretion. This is the 1st report on aflatoxin B₁ inhibitory nature of this oil. A. marmelos oil may be recommended as a novel plant-based antimicrobial in food protection over synthetic preservatives, most of which are reported to incite environmental problems because of their nonbiodegradable nature and side effects on mammals. The LD₅₀ of Aegle oil was found to be 23659.93 mg/kg body weight in mice (Mus musculus L.) when administered for acute oral toxicity showing nonmammalian toxicity of the oil. GC-MS analysis of the oil found DL-Limonene to be major component.

Pesticide Residue

                                                 Pharmaceutical uses

Ø Traditional use

As mentioned in Dhanvantri nigantu,(Chp 1,shlok104,105) in 10^th century that the unripe fruit is sangrahi,snighda,agnidipak,katu,tikt, kshaya,usna veerya,tikshna and vata kapha nashak¹⁵

The Bilva tree in the Shiva Purana¹⁴

Lakshmyaascha stana utpannam Mahaadeva sadaa priyam,
Bilva vriksham prayachchhaami eka bilvam Shivaarpanam.
Darshanam bilva vrikshasya sparshanam paapanaashanam,
Aghorapaapasamhaaram eka bilvam shivarpanam.

According to the Shiva Purana (7 AD) the Bilva tree is the manifest form of Lord Shiva himself, while all the great tirthas (pilgrimage places) are said to reside at its base. One who worships the shivalingam while sitting under the Bilva, claims this great epic, attains the state of Shiva.

In the traditional culture of Nepal, the bael tree is part of a fertility ritual for girls known as the Bel baha. Girls are "married" to the bael fruit and as long as the fruit is kept safe and never cracks the girl can never become widowed, even if her human husband dies. This was seen to be protection against the social disdain suffered by widow.

In Bangladesh,   It is used for fertility control.

.

Ø Therapeutic use

 Pravahika, Agnimandya, Grahniroga¹

Diarrhoea and Dysentery

A formulation  containing Bael and bacopa monnieri is recommended as a safe drug for diarrhoeal form of IBS ^23.

In Nepal,the bark is mixed with flowers of Hypericum cordifolium Choisy,and given to cure diarrhea ⁹The unripe fruit is most effective remedy for chronic diarrhea and dysentery without fever ⁵ . The powdered drug is recommended in sub acute or chronic dysentery ⁵ . After the use of the fruit powder in these condition, the blood gradually disappear and the stools resume a more feculent and solid form. It is also a valuable remedy for chronic dysenteric condition characterized by alternate diarrhea and constipation. Its also been reported in the cases of amoebic dysentery. It is used in the treatment of IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)

 As mentioned in Dhanvantri nigantu,(Chp 1,shlok104,105) in 10^th century that the unripe fruit is sangrahi ,snighda,agnidipak,katu,tikt, kshaya,usna veerya,tikshna and vata kapha nashak.

Hypoglycemic/Anti diabetic activity

The juice of leaves along with black pepper is given in diabetes ⁹

Bilva leaf extract has been used in Ayurveda as a medicine for diabetes. It enhances the ability to  utilize the external glucose load in the body by stimulation of glucose uptake similar to insulin ¹⁷. Bael extract significantly lowers blood urea and cholesterol  in experimental diabetic animals ¹⁷.

Anticancer Activity

³³Bilva inhibited in vitro proliferation of human tumour cell lines including the lecukinic K562,T lymphoid Jurhat,beta lymphoid Raji, Erythro leukemic HEL. Extract of A. marmeolus is anti proliferative  but it produces effect on MCF-7 nad MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line when it is in high concentration

Cardioprotective effect 

³⁷The leaf extract has preventing effects in isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction in rats. The activity of creatine kinase and lactate dehdogenase was increased in serum.Use of Bilva as cardiac depressant and palpitation  has also been reported.

Anti spermoatogenesis Activity

³²The leaf of bilva resists the process of spermatogenesis and decreases sperm motility in rats. They are used in Bangladesh for fertility control ³²

²¹All the major accessory sex organs shed weight post administration of the extract. There was a marked reduction in motility and density of the sperm derived from cauda epididymis of the treated animals. A. marmelos reduced fertility of male rats by 100% at the 300-mg dose level. Serum testosterone levels also decreased significantly in all the experimental groups. The protein, glycogen and lipid peroxidation content of the testes was significantly reduced at the highest dose level; a highly significant increase in testicular cholesterol was observed along with a highly significant reduction in the silica acid contents of testes, epididymis and seminal vesicles. Blood tests did not point to distress in any of the vital organs. Withdrawal of the extract restored all the altered parameters including organ weights, fertility, testosterone levels and tissue biochemistry to control levels after 120 days.

Antimicrobial/Antifungal Activity

It has been found active against various species such as Staphylococcus aureus,S. epidemidis,Salmonella typhimurium,E.coli,Bacillus subtilis ¹⁶  The essential oil isolated from the leaves of Bilva exhibits variableefficiency against different fungal isolates and causes concentration as well as time dependent inhibition of spore germination of all fungi tested ,including most resistant fungus,Fusarium udum ¹⁶

Radioprotective effect

Treatment with extract of bilva reduces the severity of symptoms of radiation induced sickness and increases survival in mice. The radio protective action be due to free radical scavenging and arrest of lipid peroxidation accompanied by an elevation in glutathione concentration in liver,kidney,stomach and intestine ²⁰

²⁰The hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos (AME) protected cultured HPBLs against the radiation-induced micronuclei at a concentration of 5 µg/ml. It was also reported to scavenge ^·OH, O₂^·–, DPPH, ABTS^·+ and NO (nitric oxide) radicals in vitro in a concentration dependent manner . The radioprotective efficacy of 15 or 250 mg/kg AME was further confirmed in animal studies where its intraperitoneal as well as oral administration has been found to protect mice against the radiation-induced sickness, gastrointestinal and bone marrow deaths and mortality giving a DRF of 1.2. It also protected mice against the radiation-induced lipid peroxidation and elevated GSH concentration in the liver, kidney, stomach and intestine at 31 days post-irradiation. Oral administration also protected mice against the gamma radiation-induced decline in erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes and clonogenicity of hemopoietic progenitor cells assessed by exogenous spleen colony forming assay. Pretreatment of mice with AME elevated the villus height and the crypt number accompanied by a decline in goblet and dead cell number . Not only leaf but also the hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos fruit administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 20 mg/kg once daily, consecutively for five days found to protect mice against the radiation-induced sickness, gastrointestinal as well as bone marrow deaths with a DRF.

Antipyretic and Analgesic activity

³⁴ Bilva exhibits antipyretic,anti inflammatory and analgesic activities,as it has shown a significant inhibition of the carrageenan induced paw oedema,cotton pellet granuloma and paw itching in rats.It is also used as febrifuge in night and intermittent fever.

Peptic ulcer

³⁵The fruit taken in the form of beverage has also great healing properties on account of its mucilage,which  forms a coating on the stomach mucosa and thus helps in the healing of ulcers.

Respiratory Infection

³⁶In south India the juice of leaves are mixed with pepper to bring relief from wheezing cough and respiratory spasm. Its regular use builds up resistance against  cold and cough.

Other properties

The fruit pulp powder was effective on intestinal parasites particularly on ankylostoma ² . It is anti convulsive ² 

It is also used as antihelmenitic ⁹

The extract of leaves is beneficial in the treatment of leucorrhoea, conjunctivitis and deafness. Fruits give feeling freshness and energy. It is used as carminative and astringent and used in thyroid related disorders. It is also used in the treatment of snake bite  It is a cardiac stimulant. Applications   have also   been reported in anaemia , fractures, swollen joints, typhoid, coma, colitis, bleeding sores and cramps. It is used in treatment of acute shigellosis, as diuretic  ,in gonorrhea and in conjuctivits

Ø Pharmaceutical formulation

 Bilvadi Leha ¹, Brhatgangadhara Churna¹,Bilvapanchak kwath ^2,Bilvadi ghrit ²,Bilva tail ²,Bilvmooladi gutika²,Dashmmola taila2,Pippalaydi taila ²,chayavprash ²,Dashmoolarishta ²,Amritarishta ²,Pushanuga churna²,Mushikadya taila²,Maha narayan taila²,Vatsakadi Kvath ²

Ø Pharmaceutical Dosage form

 ²POWDER               3-6 g of the drug in form.

 ²LEAF JUICE    10-20ml

      ¹ AVLEHA            

         ¹ ASAV

         ¹ARISTA

         ¹GHRIT

         ¹GUTIKA

         ¹LEHA

References

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17 R. T. Narendhirakannan, S. Subramanian and M.Kandaswamy

Mineral content of some medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus

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20 Ganesh C. Jagetia ,Radioprotective Potential of Plants and Herbs against the Effects of Ionizing Radiation ^*Department of Radiobiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal-576 104, India

correspondence address Tel: +91-820-2922122 Fax: +91-820-2571919 E-mail: gc.jagetia@gmail.com

21. Rajesh Pati, Ramesh Chandra, Ugam Kumari Chauhan, Maneesh Mishra and Navin Srivastava In vitro clonal propagation of bael ( Aegle marmelos Corr.) CV. CISH-B1 through enhanced axillary branching

22.www.ayurvedherbalplants.com

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